By William E. Stempsey
It is a e-book concerning the notion of illness and the philosophy of analysis. the writer proposes `value-dependent realism' as a fashion to teach how price decisions might be foundational for the perform of prognosis with out wasting the experience that ailments are actual entities. In the sunshine of up to date philosophy of technological know-how, the concept that there is a strict separation among truth and cost is not any longer tenable. for this reason, all clinical proof have a price part. the concept that of illness is itself a value-laden idea. in addition, after we create classifications of sickness, we introduce extra values. ultimately, the diagnostic procedure unavoidably comprises making worth judgments. This e-book situates the perform of prognosis in a brand new imaginative and prescient of the way values permeate the realm of disorder and scientific perform. will probably be of curiosity to philosophers of drugs, worth theorists, bioethicists, and physicians.
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Additional resources for Disease and Diagnosis: Value-Dependent Realism (Philosophy and Medicine)
Example text
That sort of constructivist claim amounts to saying that there is no ambiguous duck-rabbit, but only a duck when we see a duck, or a rabbit when we see a rabbit. However, we do find the assertion that there is an ambiguous duck-rabbit meaningful, and even interesting, even if we can only perceive one possible description of the figure at a time. Students of the history of medicine sometimes find what seems to be an ongoing stream of conflicting philosophies. Today, allopathic medical practitioners compete for patients with osteopaths, chiropractors, herbalists, acupuncturists, and a host of other healers espousing sometimes similar and sometimes radically different views of the nature of disease and the way to relief.
II. FACTS Ambiguity in Usage of "Fact" Ramon Lemos (1986, pp. 525-527) distinguishes four senses of fact in actual usage. The first sense of "fact" is the term's use to designate anything that exists independently of its being thought by anyone. In this sense, ordinary objects and events are themselves facts. To use Lemos's example, the Eiffel Tower is a fact in the first sense, whereas mermaids and square circles are not. Naïve, or commonsense, realism is presupposed in this sense. If there are no mind-independent entities, then there are no facts.
The second and narrower sense of "paradigm" is the exemplar. Exemplars are concrete solutions to problems that are well accepted by the professional community (Kuhn, 1977, pp. 462-463). A second area of criticism of Kuhn concerns his distinction between normal science and scientific revolutions. Stephen Toulmin (1970, pp. 39-47), for example, does not find the notion of revolution to be very valuable as an explanatory concept. Instead, he sees Kuhnian revolutions as mere "units of variation" within the usual process of scientific change.